{"id":230,"date":"2016-08-18T22:06:13","date_gmt":"2016-08-18T22:06:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sciencellonline.com\/blog\/?p=230"},"modified":"2024-10-28T11:04:41","modified_gmt":"2024-10-28T18:04:41","slug":"science-olympics-the-effects-of-exercise-on-circulation-and-gene-regulation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sciencellonline.com\/blog\/science-olympics-the-effects-of-exercise-on-circulation-and-gene-regulation\/","title":{"rendered":"Science Olympics: The effects of exercise on circulation and gene regulation"},"content":{"rendered":"

After watching displays of astounding athletic prowess in the 2016 Olympics, I was inspired to take a closer look at the science behind exercise training, recovery, and injury with a focus on the importance of blood vessels during exercise.<\/p>\n

Let\u2019s start with some basic training: Why are blood vessels important for exercise?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Muscles need oxygen and nutrients to breakdown fats and carbohydrates for energy and the main delivery system to provide these is blood vessels.\u00a0 Under normal conditions, a delicate balance is kept between quiescence and remodeling in blood vasculature to maintain a baseline level of muscle activity, but that balance is upset with physical stress such as exercising due to an increased demand for energy and the components required to make that energy.\u00a0 The \u201cangiogenic switch\u201d is a popular term for the point at which blood vessels change from a quiescent state to an active remodeling state, such as in tumorigenesis [1]<\/a>.\u00a0 Chemical regulation of angiogenesis is well-researched and includes studies on how growth factors (e.g. VEGFA, bFGF, PDGFB, ANGPT1\/2), cytokines, chemokines, and enzymes influence various steps of angiogenesis.\u00a0 More recently, there has been growing interest on determining how mechanical influences such as muscle contractions might regulate angiogenesis.\u00a0 This research mainly involves determining how factors involved in environment sensing (e.g. integrins, ion channels, sensory receptors) regulate angiogenic promotion or inhibition through signaling transduction.\u00a0 Current research seems focused at the cellular level with gene regulation in the spotlight [2]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Angiogenic sprints: Acute effects of exercise on circulation<\/strong><\/p>\n

Almost immediately upon exercising, the metabolic demands of muscles change.\u00a0 One way your body ensures it gets what it needs quickly is by opening capillaries in exercising muscles that are normally closed when resting.\u00a0 Another way is by promoting vasoconstriction in tissues nonessential to the activity thereby shunting that blood to the active tissues and typically also the brain.\u00a0 Concurrently, energy production in exercising muscles creates a hypoxic microenvironment full of vasodilating byproducts like adenosine, CO2<\/sub>, lactic acid, and hydrogen ions that encourage increased blood flow to those areas.\u00a0 Again, blood vessels need to transduce these external signals and turn them into biochemical ones and again, gene regulation seems to be key here [3<\/a>, 4]<\/a>.\u00a0 Upon signaling, blood vessels need to be physically flexible enough to constrict or dilate as demanded.\u00a0 So in effect, exercising is like stretching for our blood vessels and it keeps them flexible, which helps stave age-related vascular dysfunctions such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, macular degeneration, and solid tumor progression [5]<\/a>.\u00a0 Additionally, having that increased blood flow also benefits the brain both acutely (with increased acuity during and immediately after exercising) and chronically with regular exercise (through boosts in hippocampal oxygen levels and brain adaptations that protect from neurodegenerative diseases) [6<\/a>–9]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Blood vessel marathons: Chronic effects of exercise on circulation<\/strong><\/p>\n

One of the long-term benefits of regular exercise is a boost in hippocampal power.\u00a0 During exercise, the body shunts blood to essential tissues like active muscles and the brain, and with that increased blood flow comes an increase in O2<\/sub>, which promotes brain cell growth [10<\/a>, 11]<\/a>, The hippocampus is one of the few regions in the adult brain where neurogenesis still occurs [12]<\/a>\u00a0and the hippocampus happens to be crucial for certain kinds of memory formation and emotional behavior.\u00a0 While many effects of exercising eventually revert when you stop, the cells that proliferate during exercise survive and persist.\u00a0 Now, the functional benefits of having all these new brain cells is still unclear, but studies suggest they may influence learning and memory [13<\/a>–18]<\/a>. \u00a0Furthermore, the heart adapts to regular exercising over time by building more cardiac muscle for stronger beats, thereby eventually decreasing both active and resting heart rates while maintaining optimal cardiovascular output.\u00a0 This means that you\u2019ll also be able to exercise harder and longer in the future.<\/p>\n

What are your thoughts on exercising, vascular biology, or gene expression regulation?\u00a0 About what would you like to know more?\u00a0 To conduct your own research on these topics or any others, visit sciencellonline.com<\/a> for helpful products.<\/p>\n

Related products:<\/strong><\/p>\n

GeneQuery Human qPCR arrays<\/a>\u00a0for gene expression profiling: Angiogenesis<\/a>, Endothelial Cell Biology<\/a>, Endothelial Cell Differentiation<\/a>, Endothelial Cell Heterogeneity<\/a>, Shear Stress and Mechanotransduction<\/a>, Hypoxia Response<\/a>, HIF1 Signaling<\/a>, Neural Development and Regeneration<\/a>, Neural Plasticity<\/a>, Alzheimer’s Disease<\/a>, Cardiovascular Disease<\/a><\/p>\n

Human Primary Cells<\/a>: endothelial cells<\/a>, cardiac myocytes<\/a>,\u00a0neurons<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

References:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. SA Olenich, et al. \u00a0Temporal response of positive and negative regulators in response to acute and chronic exercise training in mice. \u00a0J Physiol<\/a>. 2013 Oct 15; 591(Pt 20): 5157\u20135169.<\/li>\n
  2. P Strzyz. \u00a0Gene regulation: May the force be with you. \u00a0Nat Rev Genet.<\/a> 2016 Sep;17(9):505. doi: 10.1038\/nrg.2016.103. Epub 2016 Aug 1.<\/li>\n
  3. P Fraisl, et al. \u00a0Regulation of angiogenesis by oxygen and metabolism. \u00a0Dev Cell.<\/a> 2009 Feb;16(2):167-79. doi: 10.1016\/j.devcel.2009.01.003.<\/li>\n
  4. BL Krock, et al. \u00a0Hypoxia-induced angiogenesis: Good and evil. \u00a0Genes Cancer.<\/a> 2011 Dec;2(12):1117-33.<\/li>\n
  5. DR Seals. \u00a0Edward F. Adolph Distinguished Lecture: The remarkable anti-aging effects of aerobic exercise on systemic arteries. \u00a0J Appl Physiol (1985)<\/a>. 2014 Sep 1; 117(5): 425\u2013439.<\/li>\n
  6. JS Querido & AW Sheel. \u00a0Regulation of cerebral blood flow during exercise. \u00a0Sports Med.<\/a> 2007;37(9):765-82.<\/li>\n
  7. MD Delp, et al. \u00a0Exercise increases blood flow to locomotor, vestibular, cardiorespiratory and visual regions of the brain in miniature swine. \u00a0J Physiol<\/a>. 2001 Jun 15; 533(Pt 3): 849\u2013859.<\/li>\n
  8. NJ Kirk-Sanchez & EL McGough. \u00a0Physical exercise and cognitive performance in the elderly: Current perspectives. \u00a0Clin Interv Aging<\/a>. 2014; 9: 51\u201362.<\/li>\n
  9. E Ang, et al. \u00a0Neurodegenerative diseases: Exercising toward neurogenesis and neuroregeneration. \u00a0Front Aging Neurosci<\/a>. 2010; 2: 25.<\/li>\n
  10. H van Praag, et al. \u00a0Running increases cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the adult mouse dentate gyrus. \u00a0Nat Neurosci.<\/a> 1999 Mar;2(3):266-70.<\/li>\n
  11. H van Praag, et al. \u00a0Exercise enhances learning and hippocampal neurogenesis in aged mice. \u00a0J Neurosci. 2005 Sep 21; 25(38): 8680\u20138685.<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n
  12. PS Eriksson, et al. \u00a0Neurogenesis in the adult human hippocampus. \u00a0Nat Med.<\/a> 1998 Nov;4(11):1313-7.<\/li>\n
  13. FH Gage. \u00a0Mammalian neural stem cells. \u00a0Science.<\/a> 2000 Feb 25;287(5457):1433-8.<\/li>\n
  14. H Suh, et al. \u00a0Signaling in adult neurogenesis. \u00a0Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol.<\/a> 2009;25:253-75.<\/li>\n
  15. W Deng, et al. \u00a0New neurons and new memories: How does adult hippocampal neurogenesis affect learning and memory? \u00a0Nat Rev Neurosci. 2010 May; 11(5): 339\u2013350.<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n
  16. KI Erickson, et al. \u00a0Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory. \u00a0Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.<\/a> 2011 Feb 15;108(7):3017-22.<\/li>\n
  17. C Vivar, et al. \u00a0All about running: Synaptic plasticity, growth factors and adult hippocampal neurogenesis. \u00a0Curr Top Behav Neurosci.<\/a> 2013;15:189-210.<\/li>\n
  18. C Zhao, et al. \u00a0Mechanisms and functional implications of adult neurogenesis. \u00a0Cell.<\/a> 2008 Feb 22;132(4):645-60.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    After watching displays of astounding athletic prowess in the 2016 Olympics, I was inspired to take a closer look at the science behind exercise training, recovery, and injury with a… Read more »<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":235,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[48,47,20,49],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nScience Olympics: The effects of exercise on circulation and gene regulation - ScienCell Research Laboratories<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/sciencellonline.com\/blog\/science-olympics-the-effects-of-exercise-on-circulation-and-gene-regulation\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Science Olympics: The effects of exercise on circulation and gene regulation - ScienCell Research Laboratories\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"After watching displays of astounding athletic prowess in the 2016 Olympics, I was inspired to take a closer look at the science behind exercise training, recovery, and injury with a... 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